Advanced methods in biological physics and soft matter - Département de Physique de l'Ecole Normale supérieure

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Advanced methods in biological physics and soft matter

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Stages L3
Stages M1 ICFP

Actualités : Séminaire de Recherche ICFP
du 14 au 18 novembre 2022 :
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Contact - Secrétariat de l’enseignement :
Tél : 01 44 32 35 60
enseignement@phys.ens.fr

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Prochain Séminaire de la FIP :
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Retrouvez toutes les informations pour vos stages :
Stages L3
Stages M1 ICFP

Actualités : Séminaire de Recherche ICFP
du 14 au 18 novembre 2022 :
Retrouvez le programme complet

Contact - Secrétariat de l’enseignement :
Tél : 01 44 32 35 60
enseignement@phys.ens.fr

Contacts :Stéphanie Mangenot (UP), Jean-François Allemand (ENS)
Lectures :Stéphanie Descroix (CNRS, Curie), Sandrine Lévêque-Fort (CNRS, UP Saclay),Jean Baptiste Masson (Pasteur, CNRS), Alexis Chennevière (CEA, CNRS), Jean-François Allemand (ENS)

Practical courses : Bassam Hajj (CNRS, Curie), Josh MacGraw (CNRS, ESPCI), Ignacio Izeddin (CNRS, ESPCI) , Sandrine Lévêque-Fort (CNRS, UP Saclay), Alessandro Siria (CNRS, ENS), Volker Bormuth (SU) ,Thomas Le Saux (SU), Jean-François Allemand (ENS), Stéphanie Mangenot (UP)

ECTS credits : 6

Language of instruction :

Examination : 1) Oral examination taking the form of a mini-course to be based on an article and the experiments performed during the semester AND 2) ashort written exam (2h).

Description :

Physics is an experimental science. Its progress is due to a constant
exchange between theory and experiments.
A lot of conceptual progress in physics requires more and more precise
and quantitative experiments used by theoreticians to produce new models
or used to (in)validate models. This course will present some of the
most recent and advanced in experimental physics used in soft
matter and biological physics and minimal ingredients for their data analysis.

A few, typically 6, courses will be dedicated to provide a general
theoretical background required to understand the basics of these
techniques (Fourier optics, Superresolution , Fluorescence,
Micromanipulation techniques (AFM, optical or magnetic tweezers), X
rays diffusion, Microfabrication and Microfluidics), statistical analysis of data with a focus on null model definition, risk estimation and experiments design.

Then 4 courses will be dedicated to practical courses. Students will be
asked to chose 2 practical courses and will spend 2x4 hours in a research
lab using some of those recent techniques (single molecule imaging and
manipulation, advanced optical microscopy, AFM, X rays....).

The remaining courses will be based on inverted pedagogy. The class will be
directed by the students who are expected to use those practical courses and recent
scientific articles to present in a more detailed and applied way those
techniques to the class.

The goal of this course is to provide a modern
experimental culture and knowledge of technics to students so that they know which techniques can
be used in their future research projects.

Evaluation will be based on a brief final written exam and the courses
students will construct.

Potential topics for the experimental classes

Droplet-based microfluidic towards cell biology.

Magnetic tweezers : this micromanipulation tool will be used to determine single DNA molecule elastic properties and to observe single molecule enzymatic activity.

Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy : in situ measurement of absolute concentrations and diffusion coefficients : The students will built a optical microscope using 2 photons excitation. The fluctuations of the fluorescence from the excitation volume will be used to measure diffusion coefficients of nanoparticles or absolute fluorophore concentrations.

Super-resolution microscopy on fixed cells , 2D and 3D :
Thanks to its specificity and ability to image living cells, fluorescence microscopy is widely used to observe cellular structures. However, due to the diffraction property of light, only structures above 250nm can be resolved with light microscopy. This resolution limit conceals many cellular complexes and structures.
Super-resolution regroups several optical microscopy techniques that allow breaking the diffraction barrier. Single-molecule based techniques rely on separating the emission of individual molecules in space and in time in order to localize their centers with very high precision.
The purpose of this practical is to introduce the principle of super-resolution single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM). The different parameters that affect the quality of obtained images and precision of localization will be discussed. The students will have the possibility to acquire 2D SMLM images of labeled structures in cells. The analysis will be performed using an ImageJ plugin.
In the second part of the practical the principle of SMLM will be expended to the third dimension. We will introduce the 3D point spread function of the microscope and show how to localize single-molecules based on the distortion of the PSF using astigmatic lens. The final aim is to define and compare the resolution in widefield images and super-resolution images acquired in the same cell.

Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy : Brownian motion, near-wall velocimetry and particle-surface interactions

Fluorescence microscopy and nanoscopy : Anatomy of a "home made" fluorescence microscope based on total internal reflection fluorescence and visualisation of supercritical angle fluorescence (SAF). Live cells acquisition with SAF imaging. In a second part, we will see how the same microscope can be used for single molecule imaging (SMLM), acquisition on fixed cells and discussion will illustrates the different keys prameters to reach nanometric resolution. Spectral unmixing of dyes with close emission spectra will be imaged to obtained 3D multicolor imaging of multi proteins in fixed cells.

Cell mechanics : force measurement on artificial cells.

Nanofluidics : confinement of fluids with an Atomic Force Microscope.

Small Angle scattering : during the experimental classes, the participants will prepare samples and characterized them using Small Angle X ray Scattering on the apparatus available at Laboratoire Léon Brillouin,(CEA Saclay). The formalism presented during the lectures will be then used in order to interpret the collected experimental data and determine the structural features of the measured samples.

Probing sensorimotor computations in the vertebrate brain using whole-brain functional imaging

Label-free virus detection with full field interferometric microscopy : In this practical course, we will introduce a new interferometric and non-destructive optical approach to detect, count and sort different types of label-free, biotic and non-biotic single nanoparticles (NPs). We will measure the light scattered by the nanoparticles and obtain an interferometric signal related to their size and refractive index ; this measurement will be complemented with single particle tracking of their Brownian motion in order to obtain the diffusion coefficient and size of the light-diffusing NPs. The ability of classifying virus in a given environment according to their size and structure is an essential tool in applications ranging from environmental to medical studies.

During this course, the participants will learn how to build such an optical set-up, the nature of the signal from in an interferometric microscope, and understand the differences with fluorescence microscopy. You will also learn about single-molecule detection in a non-fluorescence context, as well as the basics of Brownian diffusion and its application for analyzing a data set of single-particle traces.

3D super-resolution imaging in single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) using adaptive optics.

In this practical course, we will perform super-resolution fluorescence imaging experiments in single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM). We will also make use of an adaptive optics element, a deformable mirror, to perform wavefront shaping of the signal wavefront. Wavefront shaping will allow us to, on the one hand correct optical aberrations that might degrade the signal, and on the other hand induce a controlled point-spread-function deformation in order to obtain the position of the single molecule in the axial dimension.

The participants of this course will learn the basics of image formation and the importance of the point-spread-function (PSF) of an optical set-up, leading to the resolution limit given by diffraction, in the order of 250 nm. We will then introduce the principles and realize an experiment of single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) in order to break this resolution limit down to 10-50 nm, and also identifying the physical parameters giving rise to the limitations of this technique. Finally, we will use a deformable mirror and wavefront shaping techniques to 1) estimate and correct the optical aberrations degrading the PSF, and 2) induce a controlled astigmatic deformation to the PSF in order to perform 3D experiments. We will finish the course with the treatment and analysis of the data collected during the course.

Accès rapides

Prochain Séminaire de la FIP :
Accéder au programme

Retrouvez toutes les informations pour vos stages :
Stages L3
Stages M1 ICFP

Actualités : Séminaire de Recherche ICFP
du 14 au 18 novembre 2022 :
Retrouvez le programme complet

Contact - Secrétariat de l’enseignement :
Tél : 01 44 32 35 60
enseignement@phys.ens.fr